Why Are Major Powers Interested in the Moon?
2023-08-18
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1Russia recently launched its first moon-landing spacecraft in 47 years.
2The launch comes during a time of competition by major powers including the United States, China and India to discover more about the resources held on the moon.
3Russia said that it would launch further moon missions and then explore the possibility of a joint Russian-China crewed mission and even a moon base.
4NASA has spoken about the possibility of moon mining and a "gold rush" - a situation in which many people go quickly to a place where something valuable has been discovered.
5Why are major powers so interested in what is up there?
6The moon is about 384,400 kilometers from our planet.
7The current thinking is that the moon was formed when a large object crashed into earth about 4.5 billion years ago.
8Some of the remains from the crash came together to form the moon.
9Temperatures are diverse on the moon.
10In full Sun, they rise to 127 degrees Celsius, while in darkness they drop to about minus 173 degrees Celsius.
11The moon's exosphere does not give protection against radiation from the Sun.
12The first discovery of water on the moon was made in 2008 by the Indian mission Chandrayaan-1, which detected hydroxyl molecules spread across the moon's surface.
13 The molecules were most commonly found at the poles, NASA says.
14Water is necessary for human life and also can be a source of hydrogen and oxygen.
15These elements can be used for rocket fuel.
16The moon also likely has Helium-3.
17Helium-3 is a kind of helium that is rare on earth, but NASA reports estimates of a million tons of it on the moon.
18Helium-3 could provide nuclear energy in a fusion reactor.
19But since Helium-3 is not radioactive it would not produce dangerous waste, the European Space Agency says.
20Also present on the moon are rare earth metals.
21Rare earth metals are used in smartphones, computers and other special technologies.
22Boeing, a very large American aerospace business, says the moon may have rare earth metals including candium, yttrium and the 15 lanthanides.
23But it is not entirely clear how mining on the moon would work.
24Some sort of infrastructure would have to be established on the moon.
25The conditions of the moon mean robots would have to do most of the hard work, though water on the moon would allow for a long-term human presence.
26The laws governing moon mining are unclear and full of holes.
27The United Nations 1966 Outer Space Treaty says that no nation can claim rule over the moon.
28In addition, the treaty says the exploration of space should be done for the good of all countries.
29But lawyers say it is unclear whether or not a private business could claim rule over a part of the moon.
30"Space mining is subject to relatively little existing policy or governance," The RAND Corporation, a research group, said on its website last year.
31The UN's 1979 Moon Agreement says that no part of the moon "shall become property of any State, international intergovernmental or non-governmental organization, national organization or non-governmental entity or of any natural person."
32But, no major space power has approved the measure.
33The United States in 2020 announced the Artemis Accords, named after NASA's Artemis moon program.
34The agreement aims to build on existing international space law by establishing "safety zones" on the moon.
35Russia and China have not joined in the agreement, however.
36I'm John Russell.
1Russia recently launched its first moon-landing spacecraft in 47 years. The launch comes during a time of competition by major powers including the United States, China and India to discover more about the resources held on the moon. 2Russia said that it would launch further moon missions and then explore the possibility of a joint Russian-China crewed mission and even a moon base. NASA has spoken about the possibility of moon mining and a "gold rush" - a situation in which many people go quickly to a place where something valuable has been discovered. 3Why are major powers so interested in what is up there? 4The moon 5The moon is about 384,400 kilometers from our planet. 6The current thinking is that the moon was formed when a large object crashed into earth about 4.5 billion years ago. Some of the remains from the crash came together to form the moon. 7Temperatures are diverse on the moon. In full Sun, they rise to 127 degrees Celsius, while in darkness they drop to about minus 173 degrees Celsius. The moon's exosphere does not give protection against radiation from the Sun. 8The first discovery of water on the moon was made in 2008 by the Indian mission Chandrayaan-1, which detected hydroxyl molecules spread across the moon's surface. The molecules were most commonly found at the poles, NASA says. 9Water is necessary for human life and also can be a source of hydrogen and oxygen. These elements can be used for rocket fuel. 10The moon also likely has Helium-3. 11Helium-3 is a kind of helium that is rare on earth, but NASA reports estimates of a million tons of it on the moon. 12Helium-3 could provide nuclear energy in a fusion reactor. But since Helium-3 is not radioactive it would not produce dangerous waste, the European Space Agency says. 13Also present on the moon are rare earth metals. Rare earth metals are used in smartphones, computers and other special technologies. Boeing, a very large American aerospace business, says the moon may have rare earth metals including candium, yttrium and the 15 lanthanides. 14Moon mining 15But it is not entirely clear how mining on the moon would work. 16Some sort of infrastructure would have to be established on the moon. The conditions of the moon mean robots would have to do most of the hard work, though water on the moon would allow for a long-term human presence. 17The laws governing moon mining are unclear and full of holes. 18The United Nations 1966 Outer Space Treaty says that no nation can claim rule over the moon. In addition, the treaty says the exploration of space should be done for the good of all countries. 19But lawyers say it is unclear whether or not a private business could claim rule over a part of the moon. 20"Space mining is subject to relatively little existing policy or governance," The RAND Corporation, a research group, said on its website last year. 21The UN's 1979 Moon Agreement says that no part of the moon "shall become property of any State, international intergovernmental or non-governmental organization, national organization or non-governmental entity or of any natural person." 22But, no major space power has approved the measure. 23The United States in 2020 announced the Artemis Accords, named after NASA's Artemis moon program. The agreement aims to build on existing international space law by establishing "safety zones" on the moon. Russia and China have not joined in the agreement, however. 24I'm John Russell. 25Guy Faulconbridge reported on this story for Reuters. John Russell adapted it for VOA Learning English. 26__________________________________________________ 27Words in This Story 28diverse -- adj. different from each other 29exosphere - n. the outer area of the atmosphere 30infrastructure - n. the basic equipment and structures that are needed for a country or organization to function properly 31entity -- n. something that exists by itself : something that is separate from other things 32zone -- n. an area that is different from other areas in a particular way